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Methodology Sites & Related Readings - Qualitative Research Resources - Clinical Psychology - Antioch University New England

Methodology Sites & Related Readings

Compiled by Susan Hawes, PhD for the Clinical Psychology Department, Antioch New England. Last updated on 11/12/2006

Categories: Action Research & PAR | Case Study Research | Concept Mapping | Content Analysis | Conversation Analysis | Critical Psychology | Discourse Analysis & Semiotics | Ethnomethodology | Ethnography | Evaluation | Feminist Research | Grounded Theory | Heuristic Research | Interviewing & Surveys | Narrative | Personal Construct Theory | Phenomenology | Textual Analyses | Video & Audio

Action Research & Participatory Action Research (PAR)

  • Action Research at Queen’s University
    “This site includes a range of materials from Action Research activities in the Faculty of Education at Queen’s University. Resources available here at Queen’s are followed by Links to other Action Research sites that provide additional perspectives and resources.”
  • “What is Participatory Action Research?"
    By Y. Wadsworth in Action Research International
  • Recent books on action research and related topics
    This is a resource file which supports the regular public program “areol” (action research and evaluation on line) offered twice a year beginning in mid-February and mid-July. For details email Bob Dick bdick@scu.edu.au or bd@uq.net.au
  • Action Research Resources at Southern Cross U.
    This is the front page of a substantial action research site. The links below will take you to some of the other parts of the site, and some of its associated resources
    • Co-operative Inquiry (with John Heron) In R. Harre, J. Smith, & L. Van Langenhove (Eds.), Rethinking Methods in Psychology (pp. 122-142). London: Sage. (1995).
      From the introduction: “Co-operative inquiry is a way of working with other people who have similar concerns and interests to yourself, in order to: Understand your world, make sense of your life and develop new and creative ways of looking at things. Learn how to act to change things you may want to change and find out how to do things better.”
    • A Layperson’s Guide to Co-operative Inquiry Peter Reason & John Heron
    • Participatory Research & Community Organizing - A “working pager” by Sue Sohng
      “Changing economic and political relations, based on the ownership and control of information technologies and communication, raise important questions for community organizing in a increasingly privatized, postindustrial world of a knowledge society: Who produces knowledge and for whose interests? What are the implications of a changing economic and social order for the relatively powerless? Who are the have-nots in the knowledge society, and how do they organize against the new elements of oppression the knowledge society brings? Today’s challenges call for rethinking of knowledge production in community organizing. Instead of conceptualizing research as detached discovery and empirical verification of generalizable patterns in community practice, social researchers need to view research as a site of resistance and struggle. Hence, a major focus of this paper is to explore research methodologies by which social researchers and community practitioners can mobilize information and knowledge resources, as one part of their broader strategies for community empowerment. I begin by briefly summarizing the political economy of the new postindustrial society and the role of knowledge elite. This analysis is linked to the emergence of participatory research movements. I argue that the participatory approach to community research offers an epistemology and methodology that addresses people, power and praxis in the post-industrial, information-based society. To illustrate this, I describe how a participatory research project is carried out in community practice, articulating key moments and roles of the researcher and participants. I conclude with the reconfiguration of validity in social work research.”

Case Study Research

  • Introduction to Case Study Research By Winston Tellis
  • Application of a Case Study MethodologyBy Winston Tellis
  • Life at the Palace: A Cyberpsychology Case Study by John Suler, PhD

    The Palace is a client/server program that creates a highly visual, spatial, and auditory chat environment. It is an excellent example of the current trend toward graphical, interactive domains on the internet, sometimes referred to as “habitats,” “GMUKS” (Graphical Multi-user Konversation), or, “multimedia chat.” Currently, there are many Palace sites located across the internet, varying widely in technical and artistic sophistication as well as graphical themes (e.g., a futuristic Cybertown, a haunted house, Japan, Star Trek, etc.). Some sites are commercial, some private. Some even may be considered “art.” ...My research at the Palace is an ongoing, intensive case study of the psychological and social dynamics of this evolving community. What makes the Palace so fascinating is the fact that it is highly visual and spatial. This is a new dimension to social interaction on the internet, and certainly a predictor of the multimedia experiences to come.”

Concept Mapping

  • What is Concept Mapping?
    Describes concept mapping briefly & outlines a set of procedures that one could use with the software, The Concept System.
  • An introduction to concept mapping for planning and evaluation.
    Trochim, W. (1989). In W. Trochim (Ed.) A Special Issue of Evaluation and Program Planning, 12, 1-16.

    Abstract: “Concept mapping is a type of structured conceptualization which can be used by groups to develop a conceptual framework which can guide evaluation or planning. In the typical case, six steps are involved:
    1. Preparation (including selection of participants and development of focus for the conceptualization)
    2. Generation of statements
    3. Structuring of statements
    4. Representation of Statements in the form of a concept map (using multidimensional scaling and cluster analysis)
    5. Interpretation of maps
    6. Utilization of Maps.
    Concept mapping encourages the group to stay on task; results relatively quickly in an interpretable conceptual framework; expresses this framework entirely in the language of the participants; yields a graphic or pictorial product which simultaneously shows all major ideas and their interrelationships; often improves group or organizational cohesiveness and morale. This paper describes each step in the process, considers major methodological issues and problems, and discusses computer programs which can be used to accomplish the process.”
  • Concept mapping: Soft science or hard art?
    Trochim, W. (1989). In W. Trochim (Ed.) A Special Issue of Evaluation and Program Planning, 12, 87-110.

    Abstract: “Is concept mapping “science” or “art”? Can we legitimately claim that concept maps represent reality, or are they primarily suggestive devices which might stimulate new ways to look at our experiences? Here, the scientific side of concept mapping is viewed as “soft science” and the artistic one as “hard art” to imply that the process has some qualities of both, but probably does not fall exclusively within either’s domain. In the spirit of hard art, a “gallery” of final concept maps from twenty projects is presented, partly to illustrate more examples of the process when used in a variety of subject areas and for different purposes, and partly for their aesthetic value alone. In the spirit of soft science, two major issues are considered. First, the evidence for the validity and reliability of concept mapping is introduced, along with some suggestions for further research which might be undertaken to examine those characteristics. Second, the role of concept mapping is discussed, with special emphasis on its use in a pattern matching framework.”
  • Concept Mapping Resource Guide
    “This page is the central resource guide for learning about structured conceptual mapping. It includes links to general introductory materials, research and case studies illustrating the use of the method, and comprehensive information about the Concept System software including how to obtain and license it.”

Constructivism & Personal Construct Theory

  • Personal Construction Theory & Repertory Grid
    Provides an overview of Personal Construct Theory (originated with George Kelly), a selection of Resources for PCT, Repertory Grid Software & Related Articles, and Other Tools for Repgrid Analysis.
  • Radical Constructivism
    “The notion “radical constructivism” (RC) was coined by Ernst von Glasersfeld in 1974 in order to emphasize that from an epistemological perspective any constructivism has to be complete (or “radical”) in order not to relapse into some kind of fancy realism. The basic tenet of RC is that any kind of knowledge is constructed rather than perceived through senses. As such, RC does not present a metaphysics in the strict sense as it does not make statements about an outside reality. . .”

Content Analysis

  • The Content Analysis Guide Online
    An accompaniment to The Content Analysis Guidebook by Kimberly A. Neuedorf. Includes a Flowchart for the Typical Process of Content Analysis Research.
  • Content Analysis Resources
    “This site aims to support researchers interested in quantitative analysis of texts, transcripts, and images.”
  • Practical Resources for Assessing and Reporting Intercoder Reliability in Content Analysis Research Projects
    By Matthew Lombard, Temple University; Jennifer Snyder-Duch, Carlow College; Cheryl Campanella Bracken, Cleveland State University.

    “This supplemental online resource contains:
    • Background information regarding what intercoder reliability is and why it’s important
    • A modified version of the guidelines from the article Descriptions of and recommendations regarding currently available software tools that researchers can use to calculate the different reliability indices
    • Information about how to obtain and use the software Further clarification of issues related to reliability.

Critical Psychology & Feminist Research

  • Guidelines for Doing Critical Psychology Research
    By Prilleltensky & Nelson.
  • The Role of Power in Oppression, Liberation and Wellness: Proposal for International Collaboration on Research and Action.
    Prilleltensky, Isaac (2003) Research Proposal

    Background: The PhD program in community research and action at Peabody College of Vanderbilt University is seeking to establish an international collaborative research and action project. This initiative builds on the SCRA (Society for Community Research and Action of the American Psychological Association, Division of Community Psychology) task force on Community Action Research Centers. At present there are three sites identified in this initiative: Chicago, Kansas, and Puerto Rico. The Vanderbilt group is creating a Center that may become the fourth Community Action and Research Center (CARC) in this SCRA initiative. Independent of its status as a SCRA approved CARC center, the group at Vanderbilt wishes to collaborate with colleagues in several countries on a research and action project. The aim of this initiative is to collect data on commonly agreed topics across various settings and countries. At the recent SCRA biennial conference, it was agreed in concert with members of other sties that the role of power in wellness, oppression and liberation in community settings would be a suitable theme for investigation across sites and countries. This proposal takes the topic of power and introduces a framework for its study across levels of analysis and various domains.”
  • Critical Psychology in South Africa: Looking Back and Looking Forwards
    By Desmond Painter and Martin Terre Blanche (24 Feb 2004).

    From the Introduction: “In what follows we therefore provide an overview of mainstream and critical psychology trends during and after the apartheid era - attempting throughout to show how local developments articulate with developments elsewhere. We will argue that since 1994, both mainstream and critical forms of psychology have flowered in South Africa. While critical projects increasingly assume legitimate positions in textbooks, undergraduate curricula, post-graduate research and various forms of application and intervention, the growth area of psychology is still in the direction of an American-style, aggressively professional and market-oriented individual therapy industry. In our conclusion, we reflect on some of the challenges and possibilities this academic and professional landscape present to the development of critical psychology in South Africa (and elsewhere).
  • Social, Cultural and Critical Psychology
    (SCCP) in the Department of Psychology, Bath University, UK.

    “The Department of Psychology at Bath has developed a distinctive approach to Social Psychology, which is applied, radical in approach and with a strong record of inter-disciplinary and international collaboration. Research in the Social, Cultural and Critical Psychology group (SCCP) focuses on identity and discourse in social and cultural contexts, investigating images, beliefs and decision-making ineveryday situations.”
  • What makes Feminist Research Feminist? The Structure of Feminist Research within the Social Sciences(1997) Written, edited and revised by Jennifer Brayton

    “Introduction: What makes feminist research feminist? Having read through a wide range of feminist research papers as well as feminist essays on methods and methodology, it has become apparent that what makes feminist research uniquely feminist are the motives, concerns and knowledge brought to the research process. As this paper will illustrate and argue, certain themes seem to consistently arise when authors attempt to define feminist research. While there is no standard agreement over what constitutes feminist research, many authors seem to draw upon certain elements as defining features to feminist research. These features help distinguish feminist research from traditional social sciences research, research that studies women, and research that attends to gender. This essay will act as the starting point into discussing the shape and forms of feminist research.”
  • Doing Feminist Research
    An annotated Bibliography (Revised January, 1992)

    “Listed below are books and articles which appear to be useful in helping feminists sort out issues related specifically to methodology whether in their own subject areas or in topics common to all discussions of social science research methodology (e.g., to use quantitative or qualitative methods). The list is by no means complete. Ann_Hall@mts.ucs.ualberta.ca”

Discourse Analysis & Semiotics

  • Media Semiotics by Daniel Chandler
  • Lemke, J. L. Analysing Verbal Data: Principles, Methods & Problems
    Chapter for K Tobin & B Fraser, (Eds). International Handbook of Science Education (Kluwer)

    “Abstract: Increasingly, the data of science education research are verbal data: transcripts of classroom discourse and small group dialogues, talk-aloud protocols from reasoning and problem-solving tasks, students’ written work, textbook passages and test items, curriculum documents. Researchers wish to use data of these kinds to describe patterns of classroom and small-group interaction, development and change in students’ use of technical language and concepts, and similarites and differences between school and community cultures, school science and professional science, the mandated curriculum and the delivered curriculum. In a short chapter is it not possible to demonstrate actual state-of-the-art techniques of linguistic discourse analysis. My purpose here will be to formulate the issues and choices of which researchers should be aware in adopting and adapting any method of analysis of verbal data for their own work.“
  • Semiotics and Qualitative Research in Education: The Third Crossroad.
    Shank, Gary (1995, December) The Qualitative Report, Volume 2, Number 3, 2001/01/2

    “Abstract: In this paper, I would like to show how qualitative research in education and semiotics can be brought together for the benefit of each field. Starting with attempts to define both qualitative research and semiotics in ways that can inform both disciplines, I hope to accomplish this task by mapping a series of three crossroads that define the past, present, and hopefully the future of the field.”
  • Reconciling Theory with Method: From Conversation Analysis and Critical Discourse Analysis to Positioning Analysis
    Korobov, Neill (2001, September). Forum Qualitative Sozialforschung / Forum: Qualitative Social Research [On-line Journal], 2(3).

    &rldquo;Abstract: Not only is it often challenging to wade through the many different discourse analytic approaches to studying talk-in-interaction, but it is also often challenging to understand how certain methods adequately capture the complexity of the theories that lie behind them. What is needed are methods that are analytically sophisticated enough to empirically demonstrate the complexity of the theories that make fashionable and relevant the analysis in the first place. To illustrate this quandary, I will trade on some of the recent tensions between two of the most popular approaches. Critical Discourse analysis (CDA) and Conversation Analysis (CA). More specifically, attention is given to recent methodological attempts to synthesize a middle-ground position between CDA and CA. The focus of my overall argument will be that Positioning Analysis offers a viable analytic way to reconcile the discrepant methodological orientations while trading on the shared theoretical convictions of both CDA and CA.”

Ethnomethodology & Conversation Analysis

  • Ethno/CA News
    “Offers information on Ethnomethodology and Conversation Analysis. A printed version has been issued at irregular intervals since 1992. This WWW-version is in operation since the Fall of 1996. It is a medium for the exchange of information concerning publications, conferences and other items relevant to Ethnomethodology and Conversation Analysis among those who work in the field or have a strong interest in it.”
  • The International Institute for Ethnomethodology and Conversation Analysis
    “A consortium of persons and institutions in North America, Europe and the United Kingdom which is dedicated to the advancement of theory and method in ethnomethodological and conversation analytic studies and to the development of research, instructional and other programs as well as conferences, symposia and lectures.”
  • An Introduction to Conversation Analysis
    Charles Antaki’s Site contains:
    1. Two pages of introduction to the general field of Conversation Analysis (CA), and an overview of who this tutorial is for and what it tries to do
    2. Eight pages of explanation of why, and how, one makes a transcript of an interaction
    3. The demonstration uses audio extracts (or video extracts if you have a fast connection) to give a ’hands-on’ feel
    4. A page explaining the notation system used by most people in CA
    5. Three short audio and video clips
    6. Three longish pages explaining the kind of analyses that CA offers (and what it doesn’t), illustrated by two worked examples of analysis of the audio / video extracts
    7. A page of references to sources referred to on this site
    8. A page of links to other sites of interest in CA.
  • Qualitative Family Research
    Ertel, Irmentraud (2000, June) Forum Qualitative Sozialforschung / Forum: Qualitative Social Research [On-line Journal], 1(2).

    “Abstract: Qualitative psychological family and communication research is focussed on the investigation of everyday communication of families as social unities. Discussions of “normal families” during everyday routines are videotaped and analyzed differently to answer the question of the development of family system.”

Evaluation

  • American Evaluation Association
    “The American Evaluation Association is an international professional association of evaluators devoted to the application and exploration of program evaluation, personnel evaluation, technology, and many other forms of evaluation.“
  • Alternative Methods for Collecting Evaluation Data
    “This is a collection of papers on methods of collecting evaluation data. The papers are: Using Focus Groups for Evaluation, Using Cost Analysis in Evaluation, The Use of Portfolio Assessment in Evaluation and Using Existing Records in Evaluation. They are published by Evaluation CYFERNetwhich is the Children, Youth and Families Education and Research Network. The papers are based upon work supported by the Cooperative State Research, Education, Extension Service, U.S. Department of Agriculture and the Cooperative Extension Serice, University of Arizona under special project number 1999-01169. The papers are published in full online.”
  • Resources for Methods in Evaluation and Social Research
    “This page lists FREE resources for methods in evaluation and social research. The focus is on “how-to” do evaluation research and the methods used: surveys, focus groups, sampling, interviews, and other methods. Most of these links are to resources that can be read over the web.”
  • Handbook for Mixed Method Evaluations
    “This is a free user-friendly guide to evaluation research using mixed methods. It was published by the Directorate for Education and Human Resources (EHR) National Science Foundation in 1997. The Handbook is divided into 4 parts: (I)Introduction to Mixed Method Evaluations (II) Overview of Qualitative Methodsand Analytic Techniques; (III) Designing and Reporting Mixed Method Evaluations; and (IV) Supplementary Materials containing an annotated bibliography and glossary.”
  • Qualitative Research: Telephone Focus Groups, Face-to-Face Focus Groups
    “More than fifteen full length articles are presented here on focus groups. Most of them were written by George Silverman, President of Market Navigation Inc, a firm of marketing consultants.”
  • W.W. Kellog Evaluation Handbook
    “An EXCELLENT handbook for performing program evaluations!”
  • Taking Stock: A Practical Guide to Evaluating Your Own Programs
    Authors: Bond, Sally L.; Boyd, Sally E.; Rapp, Kathleen A. Date: 1997 “A practical guide to program evaluation written for community-based organizations providing information that can put to immediate use to help improve programs. This manual focuses on internal evaluation. The information in this manual should better prepare program staff to design and carry out a program evaluation.”
  • Outcome Measurement Resource Network
    “Welcome to United Way of America’s Outcome Measurement Resource Network. As leaders in results-oriented philanthropy, United Way of America and United Way organizations across the country have championed the adoption of outcome measurement by health and human service programs. The Resource Network offers information, downloadable documents, and links to resources related to the identification and measurement of program- and community-level outcomes.”

Grounded Theory

  • The Grounded Theory Institute
    “The internet home of The Grounded Theory Institute dedicated to the evolving methodology of Dr.Barney G. Glaser, Ph.D”
  • An Introduction to Grounded Theory
    An excellent introduction to practical application of the methodology by Stephen P. Borgatti, Boston College
  • The Creation of Theory: A Recent Application of the Grounded Theory Method by Naresh R. Pandit

    From the Abstract: “This paper outlines a particular approach to building theory that was employed in a recent doctoral research project (Pandit, 1995). Three aspects used in conjunction indicate the project’s novelty: firstly, the systematic and rigorous application of the grounded theory method; secondly, the use of on-line computerised databases as a primary source of data; and, thirdly, the use of a qualitative data analysis software package to aid the process of grounded theory building.”

Ethnography

  • How to do Ethnographic Research: A Simplified Guide
    From the Public Interest Anthropology web site.

    “The following section was authored by Barbara Hall and is intended to provide general, simplified information about how to conduct and write up the results of ethnographic research. The information that follows falls into three general areas: guidance through the steps necessary to plan and conduct an interesting and appropriate ethnographic term project, even in a class that does not devote much or any time to teaching ethnographic methodology, help in making sense of what is learned through the research, both with regards to the fieldsite in question and to anthropological theory, and assistance in rendering the both research process and what was learned through it accessible to readers through established conventions for writing ethnographic research papers.”
  • An Urban Ethnography of Latino Street Gangs
    “Francine Hallcom: This is an on-going urban ethnography which began as part of a sabbatical leave from California State University Northridge in June of 1996, focusing on Latino street gangs in Los Angeles and Ventura counties. Currently as of October 1999 it has expanded to Albuquerque and Phoenix hoping to find solutions, to share an ever expanding body of data and literature on Latino street gangs, and to locate successful strategies for prevention and intervention with at-risk youths.”

Heuristic Research

Interviewing & Surveys

  • Open and Closed Questions
    By Stephen Farrall, Jon Bannister, Jason Ditton and Elizabeth Gilchrist
  • Best Practices for Survey and Public Opinion Research

    “. . . Council members of the American Association for Public Opinion Research (AAPOR) have had significant discussions regarding the status of the Association’s Professional Ethics and Practices, the effectiveness of its enforcement of these standards, and alternative ways in which the conduct and reporting of survey and public opinion research might be improved. Turner and Martin’s (1984) conclusion that “existing standards for the conduct and reporting of surveys appear to have a limited impact on survey practice” (p. 90) still appears to be valid. One strategy for improving survey practice would be to enforce existing standards more rigorously.” This page provides a set of criteria for “best practices for survey & public opinion research.”
  • Interviews & Focus Groups
    From the University of Texas at Austin, Division of Instructional Innovation and Assessment, Instructional Resources.
  • Questionnaire Design & Analysis
    A Workbook by Alison Galloway

Narrative

  • Qualitative Research Courseof David Boje at New Mexico State University
  • The Centre for Narrative Research
    “The Centre brings together work on narrative that is being pursued in a variety of contexts across the social sciences. Such work includes analyses of the structure of social stories and the processes of social storytelling, and explorations of the relationship between narratives and the social world. The Centre supports research on spoken, written and visual narratives. It is committed to interdisciplinarity; it draws psychological, sociological, anthropological and cultural studies research traditions. It supports collaborations between Centre members and associates, and provides a forum for researchers in applied and policy settings, as well as for academics. As the only social science institution with a general narrative focus in Britain, it has national significance. It also has a strong international dimension, serving as a meeting point for researchers in the field, particularly from the rest of Europe and the US.”
  • Narrative Psychology: Internet and Resource Guide
    Edited by Vincent W. Hevern, SJ, Ph.D

    “This page focuses upon narrative perspectives in psychology and allied disciplines and provides an interdisciplinary guide to bibliographical and Internet resources concerned with “the storied nature of human conduct” (Sarbin, 1986) broadly conceived. Narrative in psychology itself has developed particularly notable links with the emergent discipline of cultural psychology (Bruner, 1990).”
  • The International Society for Dialogical Science (ISDS)
    “Serves as a network of scholars -- both researchers and practitioners -- whose work focuses upon dialogue and the self. Members come from a diversity of disciplinary backgrounds including psychology, sociology and social anthropology, psychiatry, the humanities including literature, history, philosophy, theology, the arts, and others. Members live and work in more than a dozen countries. ISDS was formally constituted under Dutch law in June 2002 and was established at the University of Nijmegen, The Netherlands. You can learn more about ISDS by visiting this link.”
  • The Oral History Society
    “The Oral History Society is a national and international organisation dedicated to the collection and preservation of oral history. It encourages people of all ages to tape, video or write down their own and other people’s life stories. It offers practical support and advice about how to get started, what equipment to use, what techniques are best, how to look after tapes, and how to make use of what you have collected.“
  • Narrating Embodied Aims. Self-transformation in Conversion Narratives: A Psychological Analysis
    Popp-Baier, Ulrike (2001, September). Forum Qualitative Sozialforschung / Forum: Qualitative Social Research [On-line Journal], 2(3).

    “Abstract: This article presents a case history concerning a young woman’s narrative about being cured from her eating disorder by converting to the Charismatic-Evangelical version of Christianity. The psychological-narrative analysis of the interview relies on the conversion research of Peter STROMBERG (1993) He maintains that converts who relate their conversion story use a type of speech that always comprises referential and constitutive forms of communication: canonic discourse which refers to a certain religious context of meaning, becomes constitutive (i.e. meaningful in a broader sense) by linking canonical language directly with individual experience. This connection enables verbal expression of previously inaccessible or unacceptable desires while deepening the commitment to faith. In this sense the conversion narrative constitutes the narrator’s self-transformation. The case history presented in this article tries to show how the interviewee came to terms with unbearable embodied aims by telling her conversion story in the framework of the canonic language of Charismatic-Evangelical Christianity.”

Phenomenology

  • Phenomenology Online
    “This site provides public access to articles, monographs, and other materials discussing and exemplifying phenomenological research. It also provides password-protected access to courses and workshops taught by Dr. Max van Manen. This site has a very helpful “map” of Phenomenological Inquiry.”
  • Analyzing Cultural-Psychological Themes in Narrative Statements
    Ratner, Carl (2001, September). Forum Qualitative Sozialforschung / Forum: Qualitative Social Research [On-line Journal], 2(3).

    “Abstract: This article describes principles and procedures for rigorously analyzing cultural-psychological themes in narratives. The principles and procedures draw upon phenomenology. The point is to summarize the psychological significances that are manifested in the narrative and then illuminate their cultural character. The summary of psychological significances must be faithful to the subjects’ words, yet it also explicates psychological and cultural issues in the statements that subjects are not fully aware of.”

Textual Analyses

  • Analysing Verbal Data: Principles, Methods, and Problems
    Lemke, J.L., Chapter for K Tobin & B Fraser, (Eds). International Handbook of Science Education (Kluwer)

    From the Introduction: “Increasingly, the data of science education research are verbal data: transcripts of classroom discourse and small group dialogues, talk-aloud protocols from reasoning and problem-solving tasks, students’ written work, textbook passages and test items, curriculum documents. Researchers wish to use data of these kinds to describe patterns of classroom and small-group interaction, development and change in students’ use of technical language and concepts, and similarites and differences between school and community cultures, school science and professional science, the mandated curriculum and the delivered curriculum. In a short chapter is it not possible to demonstrate actual state-of-the-art techniques of linguistic discourse analysis. My purpose here will be to formulate the issues and choices of which researchers should be aware in adopting and adapting any method of analysis of verbal data for their own work.”
  • Textual Analysis
    “Links to FULL TEXT ARTICLES on the following types of textual analysis: Content Analysis, Discourse Analysis, Genre Theory, Ideological Analysis, Intertextuality, Narratology, Rhetorical Analysis, and Semiotics.”

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